FORMAL ETHICS REVIEW IS NOT REQUIRED WHEN:
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the study does not involve humans or use data or biological materials belonging to humans.
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the research relies exclusively on information that is publicly available (i.e., involves the analysis of information in the public domain) or that is accessible in terms of legislation or regulation, and:
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does NOT require gatekeeper, site, or platform permission,
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does NOT involve sensitive or potentially sensitive information,
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AND uncontroversial topics are being investigated,
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AND participants are not from vulnerable populations,
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AND data collection and dissemination of research findings will not identify individuals or groups and does not create the possibility of re-identification.
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the research involves the observation of people in public spaces (including virtual public spaces) and natural environments, provided that:
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the researcher does not interact directly with individuals or groups,
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the researcher does not stage any intervention, the individuals or groups do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy,
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and dissemination of research findings does not identify individuals or groups and does not create the possibility of re-identification.
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research that is exclusively for quality assurance, quality improvement (audits), programme evaluation activities, performance reviews, and consumer surveys.